6. nettime solutions helps organizations make informed business and workforce decisions with real-time time and labor management data. Login. 0. Its 2012 revenue stood at. Additionally, the device uses BusyBox so it has a minimalized set of tool capabilities. Nettime solutions main competitors are DocuSign, Turbonomic, and VMware. Easy and Efficient. gov. I have an issue with my current Windows 10 machines (Windows 10 version 18363. 本文介绍用于管理 Windows 时间服务的不同工具和设置。. V1. NetTime supports SNTP protocol and can be used by both Windows computers and ACM as NTP clients. 14 is free to download from our software library. There are more than 10 alternatives to Atomic Clock Time Synchronizer for Windows. Configure Internet Time (NTP) options in Windows 10. Esse é. NetTime NetTime freeware utility is responsible for the system time update directly. Inicio de sesión. Reasons for Choosing netTime one : Porque llevábamos muchos años trabajando satisfactoriamente con SPEC y nos pareció que la opción natural era evolucionar lo que ya teníamos. The connector allows you to import, edit, delete, and. NIST has established a mailing list (Google Group) to inform users of status changes of the Internet Time Service. nettime solutions staff; Between the country’s economic growth and the record low unemployment rate of 4. The company produces time and attendance software for businesses. Mình đã test NetTime rất. Time-Sync is a freeware software to synchronize the time of your system. 존재하지 않는 이미지입니다. If that doesn't suit you, our users have ranked more than 10 alternatives to NetTime and ten of them are available for Windows so hopefully you can find a suitable replacement. Its sole purpose is to display graphically specific NMEA 0183 sentences for GPS and position analysis. Nettime is installed on the Windows computer, and Chronycontrol runs on the Macbook Pro. Workplaces without an easy way to track hours and view schedules can quickly become chaotic. org服务器，可以设置你自己的服务器。A complete timeline of nettime solutions's History from founding to present including key milestones and major events. ntp. Updated 1 Sep 2020, original content from 18 Aug 2011: Note: This information is provided as a reference and does not imply that Juniper Systems will provide full support for the use of any specific third-party product or service with a Juniper Systems product. ; If the NTP IP is that of the same machine NetTime is installed on, try the loopback address, 127. Now you’re ready to install the ntp package with apt. Right-click on 'AnnounceFlags' > click on Modify > Set the Base to Decimal, and set the Value data to 5 > and then click OK. We introduce the first browser-based time-tracking solution into the market. sudo timedatectl set-ntp no. . Sep 30, 2018. Activar terminales. NetTime works on Windows XP,. NetTime 有两种不同的使用方式：作为Windows服务在后台同步时间，或者运行主程序同步时间，之后进入系统托盘。后者需要管理员权限。 如果你需要NetTime在后台自动同步时间，就选默认安装为服务: 默认设置是查询四个pool. Para activar netTime6, rellene este formulario:. Network Time Protocol. The importance of this service for an Active Directory forest is all the more remarkable. 17 NETtime Solutions reviews. Nếu bạn thấy NetTime không tự động cập nhật ngày giờ thì hãy gõ NetTime vào khung tìm kiếm rồi mở phần mềm NetTime vừa tìm kiếm lên. Look for the Services tab and select Hide all Microsoft services. Stopwatch 3. It is able to measure the latency and compensate for it when synchronizing the time with the NTP atomic clock time servers. Network Time System alternatives page was. Most operating systems have built-in tools to allow computers to automatically. ) is an American software company based in Scottsdale, Arizona. ; Disable Windows Firewall. Schritt 2: Step 2: Select the components to be installed. Self-service features are the hallmark for most cloud-based time & attendance software. NTP is what ensures the reliability of billions of devices around the world, under the sea, and even in space. Introducción al control HorarioEste video es parte del curso del Software NetTime y CSTime del Grupo SPEC. net About NetTime for Windows. 免费网络时间同步工具 NetTime 中文版 由大眼仔旭（最初由 Graham Mainwaring 于 1997 年编写，并于 1998 年发布了开源版本。Graham 对程序进行了多次更新，直到他失去兴趣，并最终于 2004 年 7 月 1 日正式放弃了该项目。我自己（Mark Griffiths）已恢复了 NetTime 项目，现在我在这里. Load Windows Explorer. Chaparral Road #145. In addition to real-time data backup, you are able to sync files with different frequencies, such as, daily, weekly, monthly, etc. 9. NetTime is free to download and use. The company exclusively delivers time and attendance in the cloud and helps organizations make informed workforce decisions with real-time time and labor management data while helping them protect their employees. NetTime NetTime freeware utility is responsible for the system time update directly. So your GunTimes and NetTimes are calculated in the computer by the formula of; GunTime = FinishTime – ScratchTime (The exact time the gun went off) whereas . 手元にある PC を NTP サーバとして動かして、他の機器の時刻を操作したい。. Usuario. 5 seconds (1/10 of the 15 second interval), I'm having quite a bit of trouble decoding signals. Use the debug ip packet command in order to check if NTP packets are received and sent. Business Profile for NETtime Solutions, LLC. 51 to 200 Employees. No matter how much your organization grows in the future, there are no limits on the number of employees, users, policies, access groups, time clock devices, etc. Recent versions of Windows will frequently update the clock through time servers, but the updates are not usually as frequent or accurate as I would like. • Clear, intuitive icons help employees breeze. Stratustime is a cloud-based software solution that enables users to track employee time and attendance and also offers payroll integration. pool. Cómo Instalar CyberGhost Sin una App en Android. * This is a required field. NET 5. Atomic Clock Sync to download Atomic Clock Sync. NetTimeLogic provides complete FPGA based Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) solutions based on its redundancy and time synchronization solutions. 2008. Wir bieten dir die Software, die du suchst - schnell & sicher!El número de clientes (usuarios y empleados) de netTime6 está limitado por la licencia adquirida. The program can be run either in interactive mode or controlled using command line arguments. The actual developer of the free program is Mark Griffiths. NetTime 3. Prerequisites BktTimeSync adjusts the PC's time using an internet reference server (NTP server) or a GPS receiver connected via USB, serial port, or Bluetooth. The features of the software are:To resolve this issue, refer to the steps below: . ntp. Flexible Pricing and features scale as you grow. If the times are not already in 24-hour time, convert them to 24-hour time. get_for_duplicate (container= "Arbol", element= 3 ) # now you can edit and after save element with `save_element` method # check result form. You'll need to know your COM port number. gov. OR. Publicado. “nettime solutions fills an important need for our users looking for mobile and durable time and attendance solutions,” said Linda Shillingburg, Vice-President of Partner Development for Open Systems. 2000. Competitor Summary. 0. Uncheck all the Cameras System/General/Date-Time DST and NTP settings. " to the IP address of your Blue Iris server: Set "NTP Port" to 123. The best Windows alternative is Time-Sync, which is free. We’ll help you choose the time and attendance features that are right for you. Accept the UAC message to allow it to be changed (Click Yes) 6. Since debug output can be chatty, you can limit debug output with the use of Access Control Lists (ACLs). Run the script: synctest. 233, released on 07/27/2020. Whether you connect to a server using the name or the IP address, it is a bad practice to “hard-code” a particular server name or address into a device so that these parameters cannot be. Servidor netTime6 Las características de la máquina donde se instalará el servidor de netTime6 dependerán del número de terminalesThis chapter describes how to configure a system to use the Network Time Protocol (NTP) or Precision Time Protocol (PTP) daemons for setting the system time. 6. Navigate to this folder: C:utils. , Ste. NetTime is a time synchronization client for Win32, providing a server and client for RFC868 and SNTP. Simple, entry-level time clocks can be purchased for under $100. netTime6Windows Time Synchronization is unreliable for ACC servers and workstations. 168. You can configure multiple time servers, set the frequency of the time check. On December 1, 1995 NetTime installed their first Public Internet Access Terminals. 8840 E. 比较轻的. with NT6Client (url=URL, username=USERNAME, pwd=PWD) as client: form = client. ntp. We station the first time & attendance software solution in the cloud. El software de Control Horario y Accesos esencial para tu empresa. Inici de sessió - SSO. There are more than 10 alternatives to Dimension 4 for Windows. bat content of nettime. そんなとき「NetTime」というアプリケーションが便利だ。. Reviews from NETtime Solutions employees about NETtime Solutions culture, salaries, benefits, work-life balance, management, job security, and more. We offer biometric identification for employers and day care centers. 4. Referred clients must retain nettime solution services. Contamos con más de 375 centros en 18 países, que representan 8 millones de metros cuadrados de instalaciones de almacenamiento en Europa, América, Asia y África, y más de 30. Dimension 4 is described as 'The fastest and easiest way to synchronize your Windows clock' and is an app. La dirección del servidor la debe facilitar el administrador del sistema. NETtime Solutions is the nimble and responsive pioneer of available anywhere, anytime SaaS time and attendance. clock of the specified computer. Save your changes and you will be good to go bro!A resource from our software documentation available at: 👉 solutions staff; Job Costing Across Multiple Projects. It’s an opportunity for us to grow stratus time sales. Inicio de sesión. Télécharger pour Windows. Revenue: $1 to $5 million (USD) Enterprise Software & Network Solutions. The best NetTime alternative is Time-Sync, which is free. A client computer periodically requests timing information from a NTP server. 19), but my time is always wrong. Step 2: After installing NetTime You want to make sure you go to "settings" in the NetTime program and then Check. Para acceder a la plataforma, introduzca su usuario y contraseña en la página de inicio de sesión. ntp. NTP utiliza UDP como su capa de transporte, usando el puerto 123. mqudsi@freebsd> ntpdate -q time. The LANTIME M250 network time server is designed by Meinberg to offer superior NTP server performance in a medium or small sized network environment. Le logiciel Net Time Server & Client va vous permettre de synchroniser tous les ordinateurs de votre réseau sur une. And, of course, it's free. fedex. Its main claim to fame is that… NetTime - Browse /NetTime/3. cloudflare. MSS1611-S &. This software is typically located. Works very well even with high-latency internet connections. log. Network Time Protocol. To simplify this process, third party NTP clients have been created. I am trying to sync the computers clock using a server. exe, Net000. Install Chrony on Linux. If that doesn't suit you, our users have ranked more than 10 alternatives to Time-Sync and 11 are available for Windows so hopefully you can find a suitable replacement. com server. We know the value of a good partnership. stratus time not only manages important information, it. NET Runtime contains just the components needed to run a console app. It supports SNTP as well as RFC868 via TCP or UDP. Its main claim to fame is that… NetTime - Browse /NetTime/3. Descargar ahora NetTime para Windows desde Softonic: Descarga gratis, 100% segura y libre de virus. In 2008 the company sold its NETtime Solutions operations to a group of insiders that included NETtime's board of directors, CEO, and other shareholders. Section 2: Background Information • Most computers contain a time-of-day clock. Intuitive Hour Tracking and Schedule Views. 855-263-1019 Simple Employee self-service. We use Domain Time II from Greyware in a number of environments where we need high accuracy time sync. NetTime. north-america. My goal is to sync the computer time with below time server: time. Please check this box, if you would like to receive the information by email. Using programs such as these, users may more easily set different parameters, such as a server list or update interval. 1. 14 Build 3. 0 downloads for Linux, macOS, and Windows. NetTime is failing to sync - it reports that it had "Inconsistent responses" If there is a large time difference between the local system and the time returned by the time server, NetTime will automatically check with a secondary server to ensure that the time that it has received is actually valid. 2. NetTime. Keep constant track of whatever you need with this handy app for your mobile devices. This process is independent of the native Windows Internet Time synchronization, which should be disabled to prevent any conflicts with NetTime actions. Para realizar la sincronización, NetTime comprueba la hora conectándose a más de un centenar de servidores (la primera vez deberás pulsar "Auto-Configure" para obtenerlos) encargados. Não incentivamos ou autorizamos o uso deste programa se ele violar essas leis. Grátis. Other great apps like Dimension 4 are Time-Sync, Atomic Clock Time Synchronizer, Desktop Atomic. PVS0615, PVS0605 & VS0601 & PVS0613U. This clock also keeps track of the day, month, and year. Contraseñainternet-time-service@nist. Come software per la gestione della rilevazione presenze completamente autonomo, NetTime sfrutta la rete aziendale e la posta elettronica per registrare tutte le attività svolte dai dipendenti dell’azienda sostituendo l’addetto dell’Ufficio del Personale in tutte le operazioni che possono. NET is a free, cross-platform, open-source developer platform for building many different types of applications. nettime solutions CEO Bahan Sadegh reviews paid sick time regulations for federal contractors & how software can help create an audit trail Time & Attendance How stratustime WorksMarch 24, 2020. 248. Control software for HVS0401. NetTime works on Windows XP, Windows. Call the computeDetails () method to compute and validate details of the NTP message packet. ContraseñaThe Active Directory time service is an inconspicuous little service among all the other Windows services that run on a computer system. Right Click and select Properties 4. NetTime alternatives page was last updated Sep 8, 2022. Recommandez-le : thumb_up thumb_down. Intuitive Hour Tracking and Schedule Views. Usually the Windows firewall will require an Inbound rule for UDP on port 123, to make this work seamlessly. You use the “NET TIME” command in a Command-window ( “DOS-box”) or. 14. NetTime is a time synchronization client for Windows 95, 98, NT and 2000. The software is developed to help companies keep track of labor management data in real time, which in turn is intended to aid workforce. The recently-added-to-the-list time. Doing a little more research and testing it looks like this is working. Contraseña Restart the NetTime service. 4 seconds. In WSJT-X there are just a few configuration settings to get the Icom 7300 on the air with FT8. 6. To access netTime6, you need to enter your user name and password in the login page. On the NVR system/General/Date-Time you MUST uncheck NTP, then do. How To Set the W32TM Nettime Service 2:30 Why is Time Service Important to Windows Domains 4:25 How to Choose a Time Server NTP 5:05 W32tm Command Explained 6:23 What is 0x8 7:14 How to reset w32tm Time Service 9:35 Setting Net Time in GPO 9:50 Command to Force a Time Update 10:35SNTPクライアントだけでなくサーバとしても使用でき、時刻同期のログを取ることが可能で、タスクトレイからアイコンを隠して常に時刻同期の. Our intuitive dashboard makes it easy for both managers and employees to monitor hours, check PTO accruals, request days off, report sick time, and see schedules from any device at any time of the day. Usuario. NetTime is a free open source tool that works with the Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP). “They are experts and innovators in time tracking, workplace data analysis, scheduling, and more. I hope this step by step helps others. Haga click en Añadir un nuevo dispositivo. pool. A client computer periodically requests timing information from a NTP server. Double-click on time-sync. Can you compare this to a TCP ping from the sender channel server to the receive channel server, 2. Archive. Physical Address: 16404 N. The default key is HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time (the root key for the Windows Time service). Companies doing work at remote locations require an offline time clock. 2 You can close the Control Panel if you like. 2. You can check with: sc qtriggerinfo w32timeIndustry Solutions. 000. The best employee time tracking solution and time clocks. Net Time command is an easy to use command with admin credentials to fix domain and domain member time issue. NetTime is an accurate and easy-to-use web-based time adjustment client for Win32, delivering a simple and reliable server and client for both SNTP and HTTP. Browse our extensive library of eBooks, white papers, articles, case studies, and webinars to discover how you can. Competitors: Unknown. . Se trata de la actualización de su solución para el control horario. The best Network Time System alternative is NetTime, which is both free and Open Source. Other great apps like Network Time System are Time-Sync, Atomic Clock Time Synchronizer, Chrony and Meinberg NTP. memo memo. There are 1,000 in a day, each of which lasts 86. This process is independent of the native Windows Internet Time synchronization, which should be disabled to prevent any conflicts with NetTime. NetTime is a simple, free time synchronization client for Win32, providing a client and server for SNTP and RFC868. 247. At Indiana University, you must be logged into the ADS domain on the IU network (via either a direct or VPN connection) before you can synchronize to IU's time server. We would like to keep you informed via email about product updates, upgrades, special offers and pricing. Hardware SolutionsBack to my original question, stand alone windows computer serving time using nettime, time source syncing up to hardware clock (cmos), clients (windows) using either nettime or windows time service. bat file :6. Its main claim to fame is that it is small, simple and unobtrusive. Based in Scottsdale, Arizona, nettime solutions was founded in 2008 by Bahan Sadegh. Inicio de sesión. There are 1,000 in a day, each of which lasts 86. Una vez acceda a la pantalla de login de netTime6, debe escribir el usuario y la contraseña que. Right-click on 'Enabled' > click on Modify > Set the Value data to 5 > and then click OK. There are many alternatives to NetTime for Windows if you are looking for a replacement. I really didn’t know the answer to the question, but that wasn’t the end of the story. NetTime is an accurate and easy-to-use web-based time adjustment client for Win32, delivering a simple and reliable server and client for both SNTP and HTTP. To configure time settings, launch NetTime, click Settings and enter the hostname (or IP address), protocol and port of your time server (s). . Open Date and Time properties (START > Run or Search Bar > type in timedate. /computer:<target>: Queries registry settings for computer < target >. nettime solutions staff Integrating two software systems can seem like a daunting task to many. Step 1: Download NetTime: NetTime - Network Time Synchronization Tool. Its main claim to fame is that it is small, simple and unobtrusive. Uptime Robot. Network Time Protocol (NTP) es un protocolo de Internet para sincronizar los relojes de los sistemas informáticos a través del enrutamiento de paquetes en redes con latencia variable. In the software, under File and Settings, on the General Tab enter your callsign and grid square. Azimuth and Elevation Plot - View all satellites that are in view. NetTime can also be used as a WAN time server. 233 Alpha 3 - Synchronizes your system's clock to multiple time servers, updates time regularly, records log details, and allows other. GoodSync. Nosso antivírus verificou esse download e o avaliou como livre de vírus. 592) not updating times from a local NTP server on my network. Para activar netTime6, rellene este formulario:. NetTime is a Network Time Protocol (NTP) client for Windows, which synchronizes your computer's system clock with any NTP server of your choice. Flexible Pricing and features scale as you grow. ntp. Other great apps like TimeSync are Time-Sync, Atomic Clock Time Synchronizer, Chrony and Meinberg NTP. NET TIME. 10: NetTime was hanging when time sync. Press the Start button and click “Settings”. NetTime: an app to show the current number of beats on your iOS device! A beat is the time represented as a decimal. 如果服务器时间错误的话影响会非常大，会出现莫名其妙的问题。. Sign in with your account to access myapps-wtc02. com in a single category. Location Information. Time & attendance software for PCs becomes our signature offering. netAbout NetTime for Windows The resource is currently listed in dxzone. org. ntp. According to recent Bureau of Labor Statistics data, average hourly earnings moved up nearly 3% from a year ago. ”Since founding nettime solutions, we’ve been at the forefront of cloud-based time and attendance, and we have been able to make a significant impact on the business lives of our clients and partners,” said nettime solutions founder and CEO. Type the following command on your Linux or Unix-based system: $ ntpq -pn. Create ACL 101: access-list 101 permit udp any any eq 123. This means timesyncd has stopped. NetTime is a Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) client for Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/Vista/7/8/10 and Server 2003/2008/2012/2016. We have already tried the built in Windows Time Server, but our tests did show that it is not very accurate, we see time differences up to 500ms. Email Address. Once i had to check system time on all servers. Accurate timesheets. Using the Software Applet of the Control Panel. Adjust server time settings as needed. It's the default "time server" for most of the major Linux distributions and many networked appliances (see information for vendors ). Whether you connect to a server using the name or the IP address, it is a bad practice to “hard-code” a particular server name or address into a device so that these parameters cannot be. GoodSync is a file sync tool and data backup software that can sync data in real-time on NAS devices, Windows and Linux servers, and mobile devices (like Resilio, it offers apps for iOS and Android). Hola amigos, aquí les dejos un vídeo informativo para los que tienen problema al apagar su computador y pierden la hora y la fecha y la tienen que estar co. to your local system-clock ( “Synchronizes the time” ), still prompting you to confirm. gov. What is stratustime Web Services (STWS) API?. How to fix time systems with NetTime Sync Tool#nettime#nettimesynctoolThe stratus time kiosk app allows employees to clock-in or clock-out from mobile devices, whether or not your device is connected to the Internet. Advanced scheduling to save you money. ContraseñaTo see Resilio in action, schedule a demo. Most operating systems have built-in tools to allow computers to automatically. gov (timeinfo[at]boulder[dot]nist[dot]gov) NOTE: We have provided links to these sites because they have information that may be of interest. Once the installation is complete, start the chrony service and enable it to automatically start at system boot, then check if it is up and running. For example, if the machine inside your LAN that is running the NetTime NTP server software is at 192. (32 bit and 64 bit operating systems are both supported) If you're looking for a program to keep your system time accurate, you've just found it! Its main attributes are: Easy to Install and Use Inicio de sesión. 14. The 19-inch rackmount microSync RX models additionally offer (optional) redundant power supplies. GoodSync. Setup the default timeout. 100 as the NTP "Server Address" in each of your camera's NTP setting. Set the IP addresses of any time servers you wish to sync to, you can use the servers own IP or its loopback address (127. Este manual contiene la información completa de netTime6 y todos sus módulos o aplicaciones complementarias. 729 seguidores en LinkedIn. (32 bit and 64 bit operating systems are both supported) If you're looking for a. On vogons at least, I've noticed that a lot of people prefer to transfer files to 90's and early 2000 computers via LAN, rather than using USB drives and more traditional ways of transferring files. Great for use with digital modes like FT8, JT65, JT9, JS8Call and others. 20 agosto, 2020. Accept the UAC message to allow it to be changed ( Click Yes) 6. Para activar netTime6, rellene este formulario:. It was checked for updates 911 times by the users of our client application UpdateStar during the last month. 2、支持对软件内置的功能选择，需要的将勾打上就可以选择，设置成功点击确定 这是个客户端只需要用时桶. Open the hosts file as sudo in the nano editor by entering the following command: $ sudo nano /etc/hosts. NETTIME SOLUTIONS LLC is a Washington Foreign Limited-Liability Company filed on December 20, 2010. is resolved to all of the server addresses below in a round-robin sequence to equalize the load across all of the servers. NETTIME is a straightforward piece of software that checks the world time on various online hosts and offers. Nettime is the time sync tool I use on my Windows laptop to keep my machine's clock accurate. ntp. 5-inch half-rack and 19-inch full-rack models. For example: sudo timedatectl set-time '12:00:00'. Net Time FQDN of you domain /setFreeware. Client ID. Read these three frequently asked questions to learn how integrating with stratustime can be a breeze. The NTP Project conducts Research and Development in NTP, a protocol designed to synchronize the clocks of computers over a network to a common timebase. Navigate to Time & language tab and open Date & time settings. Checking the status of NTP with ntpq command. Uses the time protocol specified in Internet time standard RFC-868. Top positive comment • Mar 25, 2018. *. ; Check if there are any other NTP software installed on the same machine. This hardware-based option can be very affordable. Since April 2022 it's also updated on Server machines. Brief Description: The Net Time Server & Client application allows you to synchronize your PC's system clock or all PCs' system clock in your LAN using various time server types commonly available on TCP/IP networks, including LAN and Internet. Inicio de sesión. TimeSync gets the current time from a NIST server, and adjusts the PC clock if necessary. The stratustime app enables users to Clock In and Out, enter Meals and Breaks, perform. org project is a big virtual cluster of timeservers providing reliable easy to use NTP service for millions of clients. I'm looking for a, preferably free, NTP Server for Windows Server 2003/2008. gospec. ntp. 14 at SourceForge. Click the icon Date and Time:The following window will appear on the screen: There, switch to the tab named Internet Time. For example, if I use Asia-Singapore zone by copying: server 0. 0. 8. Verify that time synchronization is disabled: timedatectl. 「NetTime」Windows のクライアントマシンを NTP サーバとして動かすフリーソフト。. The best Windows alternative is NetTime, which is both free and Open Source. cloudflare. Nettime Solution provides an easy and fast solution to keep employee pay rates and manage client billing, analytics reporting, adjust work shifts, accurate recruitment, and touchscreen technology for the time tracking. The security of NTP packets that are sent between a domain member computer and a local domain controller that is acting as a time server is based on shared key authentication. We’re happy to have them as preferred. 0. The company exclusively delivers time and attendance in the cloud and helps organizations make informed workforce decisions with real-time time and labor management data while helping them protect their employees. 2010-2014. NetTime is failing to sync - it reports that it had "Inconsistent responses" If there is a large time difference between the local system and the time returned by the time server, NetTime will automatically check with a. 4. Software & Apps zum Download, sowie Cloud-Dienste für Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, Android. 但是，如果已手动将计算机配置为从特定的时间. Section 3: Obtaining (Downloading) NISTIME • There are several different versions of Microsoft Windows operating systems (e.